| Cancer prevention is
defined as active measures to decrease the incidence of cancer.
This can be accomplished by avoiding carcinogens or altering
their metabolism, pursuing a lifestyle or diet that modifies
cancer-causing factors and/or medical intervention
(chemoprevention, treatment of pre-malignant lesions). The
epidemiological concept of "prevention" is usually defined as
either primary prevention, for people who have not been
diagnosed with a particular disease, or secondary prevention,
aimed at reducing recurrence or complications of a previously
diagnosed illness.
Observational epidemiological studies that show associations
between risk factors and specific cancers mostly serve to
generate hypotheses about potential interventions that could
reduce cancer incidence or morbidity. Randomized controlled
trials then test whether hypotheses generated by epidemiological
trials and laboratory research actually result in reduced cancer
incidence and mortality. In many cases, findings from
observational epidemiological studies are not confirmed by
randomized controlled trials.
Prevention
Modifiable ("lifestyle") risk factors >>
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Cancer
Classification
1. Nomenclature
2. Adult cancers
3. Childhood cancers
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
1. Investigation
2. Biopsy
Treatment
1. Surgery
2. Radiation therapy
3. Chemotherapy
4. Targeted therapies
5. Immunotherapy
6. Hormonal therapy
7. Symptom control
8. Complementary and alternative
9. Treatment trials
Prognosis
1. Emotional impact
Causes
1. Chemical carcinogens
2. Ionizing radiation &
Infectious diseases
3. Hormonal imbalances
& Immune system dysfunction
4. Heredity & Other causes
Pathophysiology
1. Epigenetics
2. Oncogenes
3. Tumor suppressor genes
4. Cancer cell biology
4.1 Clonal evolution
4.2 Biological properties of cancer cells
Prevention
1. Modifiable ("lifestyle") risk factors
2. Diet
3. Vitamins
4. Chemoprevention
5. Genetic testing
6. Vaccination
7. Screening
Epidemiology
History
Research |
