| Examples of
modifiable cancer risk factors include alcohol consumption
(associated with increased risk of oral, esophageal, breast, and
other cancers), smoking (although 20% of women with lung cancer
have never smoked, versus 10% of men), physical inactivity
(associated with increased risk of colon, breast, and possibly
other cancers), and being overweight (associated with colon,
breast, endometrial, and possibly other cancers). Based on
epidemiologic evidence, it is now thought that avoiding
excessive alcohol consumption may contribute to reductions in
risk of certain cancers; however, compared with tobacco
exposure, the magnitude of effect is modest or small and the
strength of evidence is often weaker. Other lifestyle and
environmental factors known to affect cancer risk (either
beneficially or detrimentally) include certain sexually
transmitted diseases, the use of exogenous hormones, exposure to
ionizing radiation and ultraviolet radiation, and certain
occupational and chemical exposures.
Every year, at least 200,000 people die worldwide from cancer
related to their workplace. Millions of workers run the risk of
developing cancers such as lung cancer and mesothelioma from
inhaling asbestos fibers and tobacco smoke, or leukemia from
exposure to benzene at their workplaces. Currently, most cancer
deaths caused by occupational risk factors occur in the
developed world. It is estimated that approximately 20,000
cancer deaths and 40,000 new cases of cancer each year in the
U.S. are attributable to occupation.
Prevention Diet >>
|
Cancer
Classification
1. Nomenclature
2. Adult cancers
3. Childhood cancers
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
1. Investigation
2. Biopsy
Treatment
1. Surgery
2. Radiation therapy
3. Chemotherapy
4. Targeted therapies
5. Immunotherapy
6. Hormonal therapy
7. Symptom control
8. Complementary and alternative
9. Treatment trials
Prognosis
1. Emotional impact
Causes
1. Chemical carcinogens
2. Ionizing radiation &
Infectious diseases
3. Hormonal imbalances
& Immune system dysfunction
4. Heredity & Other causes
Pathophysiology
1. Epigenetics
2. Oncogenes
3. Tumor suppressor genes
4. Cancer cell biology
4.1 Clonal evolution
4.2 Biological properties of cancer cells
Prevention
1. Modifiable ("lifestyle") risk factors
2. Diet
3. Vitamins
4. Chemoprevention
5. Genetic testing
6. Vaccination
7. Screening
Epidemiology
History
Research |
