Hormonal
imbalances
Some hormones can act in a similar manner to non-mutagenic
carcinogens in that they may stimulate excessive cell growth. A
well-established example is the role of hyperestrogenic states
in promoting endometrial cancer.
Immune system dysfunction
HIV is associated with a number of malignancies, including
Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and HPV-associated
malignancies such as anal cancer and cervical cancer.
AIDS-defining illnesses have long included these diagnoses. The
increased incidence of malignancies in HIV patients points to
the breakdown of immune surveillance as a possible etiology of
cancer. Certain other immune deficiency states (e.g. common
variable immunodeficiency and IgA deficiency) are also
associated with increased risk of malignancy
Causes Heredity & Other causes >>
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Cancer
Classification
1. Nomenclature
2. Adult cancers
3. Childhood cancers
Signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
1. Investigation
2. Biopsy
Treatment
1. Surgery
2. Radiation therapy
3. Chemotherapy
4. Targeted therapies
5. Immunotherapy
6. Hormonal therapy
7. Symptom control
8. Complementary and alternative
9. Treatment trials
Prognosis
1. Emotional impact
Causes
1. Chemical carcinogens
2. Ionizing radiation &
Infectious diseases
3. Hormonal imbalances & Immune system dysfunction
4. Heredity & Other causes
Pathophysiology
1. Epigenetics
2. Oncogenes
3. Tumor suppressor genes
4. Cancer cell biology
4.1 Clonal evolution
4.2 Biological properties of cancer cells
Prevention
1. Modifiable ("lifestyle") risk factors
2. Diet
3. Vitamins
4. Chemoprevention
5. Genetic testing
6. Vaccination
7. Screening
Epidemiology
History
Research |
